tomography

本日、電話でディスカッションしながら、表題について質問をうけ、答えられなかった。どこに違いがあるかというと・・・。

https://www.scribendi.com/advice/when_to_use_double_or_single_quotation_marks.en.html

This is a very interesting question. The short answer is that it depends on what country you are writing in. In British and Australian English, one typically uses single quotation marks. If writing in North America, double quotation marks are typically used.

http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/10/21/single_quotes_or_double_quotes_it_s_really_quite_simple.html
では、

I’ve noticed some students adopt another rule: double quotes for long quotations, single quotes for single words or short phrases.

というとても適当な答えすらある。

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Double_Quotes_vs_Single_Quotes
では

Double quotes are used to mark speech, for titles of short works like TV shows and articles, as scare quotes to indicate irony or an author’s disagreement with a premise. In America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the general rule is that double quotes are used to denote direct speech.

Single quotes are used to enclose a quote within a quote, a quote within a headline, or a title within a quote.

In the UK, whether to use single or double quotes to mark direct speech depends on editorial style, but both are acceptable.

とのことで、editorial style(雑誌の方針)に従って書けば良いと言うことでしょう。

ここの説明が最もわかりやすい。

1A. (Good)

The steps for producing compound X are as follows:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

1B. (Poor)

The steps for producing compound X are as followings:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

2A. (Good)

The process for producing compound X includes the following steps:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

2B. (Poor)

The process for producing compound X includes the following steps of:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

3A. (Good)

The process for producing compound X includes the steps of:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

3B. (Poor)

The process for producing compound X includes the following steps of:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

4A. (Good)

The process for producing compound X includes the following:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

4B. (Poor)

The process for producing compound X includes the followings:

mixing ingredients P, Q, and R,
baking the resultant mixture in an oven at 180℃ for 15 min.,
and
allowing the baked product to cool.

(Poor) The package includes the followings:

color pencils, a pair of scissors, and a glue stick.

Macの英英辞典によると

Traditionally, compare to is used when similarities are noted in dissimilar things: shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? To compare with is to look for either differences or similarities, usually in similar things: compare the candidate’s claims with his actual performance. In practice, however, this distinction is rarely maintained.

となっていて、違う物のなかから、類似点を探す場合にはcompared to, 違う事、もしくは似ているものを議論する場合にはcompared withを使うとのこと。

(後日、例を探してみる)